The optimal architecture and properties of the scaffold, that can enhance SC survivability and differentiation into the desired functional cells, is still lacking. However, the fabrication of a suitable external ECM as a scaffold for the cells to grow and differentiate, is still a significant challenge. Human foreskin fibroblast, MG63, red blood cellsĬarbon, as a scaffold material for SC application, has shown promising results. Porphyra polysaccharide-derived carbon dotsĬellulose-derived reduced nanographene oxide carbon nanodots Poly 4-mercaptophenyl methacrylate-carbon nano-onionsīovine serum albumin, trifluoroacetic acid Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) Poly-lactic acid (PLA), alginate, gelatine Temperature-sensitive sol to gel transition GONRs synthesis by using modified longitudinal unzipping method GONPs synthesis by using modified Hummer’s method Modified liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation methodĭistearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N- (DSPE-PEG) These interferential factors will help determine the appropriate architecture of the carbon-based scaffold, influencing stem cell (SC) response.Īligned fullerene nanowhisker nanopatterned Previous studies have shown that various factors should be considered in scaffold production, including the porosity, pore size, topography, mechanical properties, wettability, and electroconductivity, which are essential in facilitating cellular response on the scaffold. In addition, extensive studies were performed on the various parameters that could influence cell behaviour. Many researchers have attempted to build a scaffold following the origin of the tissue cell by mimicking the pattern of their extracellular matrix (ECM). Among the materials studied, carbon materials are potential biomaterials that can be used to develop scaffolds for cell growth. Various scaffolds are developed with different materials, known as biomaterials, and have shown to be a potential tool to facilitate in vitro cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. A scaffold is a crucial biological substitute designed to aid the treatment of damaged tissue caused by trauma and disease.

Scaffold meaning biology